Redditが透明性レポート公表、大きなスパム問題は大きく政府からの削除要請は少なめ

今回は「Redditが透明性レポート公表、大きなスパム問題は大きく政府からの削除要請は少なめ」についてご紹介します。

関連ワード （Reddit等） についても参考にしながら、ぜひ本記事について議論していってくださいね。

本記事は、TechCrunch様で掲載されている内容を参考にしておりますので、より詳しく内容を知りたい方は、ページ下の元記事リンクより参照ください。

Redditが2020年の透明性レポートを公表した。そこには、削除したコンテンツや政府からの開示リクエスト、そしてその他の管理行為が、件数とともに記されている。その中で量的に断トツに多かったのはスパムだ。いや、削除したコンテンツのほとんどすべてがスパムだった。コンテンツ取り下げの法的要求やユーザー情報はそれに比べると少ないが、しかしそこまでわずかな量でもない。

レポートの全文はとても読みやすいが、少々長い。要点をまとめよう。

2020年、Reddit上では投稿やコメント、画像など34億近いコンテンツが作られたが、2億3300万が削除された。投稿総数も削除数も2019年に比べて20〜30％増えている。2億3300万の内、人の目に触れる前、AutoMod systemが「事前」に削除したのは1億3100万件で、サブレディットのモデレーターからの報告後に削除されたのは1360万件となる。

削除分の残り8800万（＝2億3300万−1億3100万−1360万）は、Redditのアドミンが削除し、その99.76％がスパムないし「コンテンツ操作」で、後者は特定集団の宣伝や偽の草の根運動などとなる。ハラスメントやヘイト、未成年者への性的アプローチはそれぞれおよそ5万件、さらに少数の暴力的なスピーチや身元暴露発言などもある。

画像クレジット：Reddit

8万2858件のサブレディットが削除されたが、これは2019件のほぼ4倍であり、その大部分が節度の欠如によるものだった。次いでヘイト、ハラスメント、および禁止回避（たとえばr/bannedsubはr/bannedsub 2を開始）だった。

コメントを削除に関してはヘイト、暴力、ハラスメントがずっと多く見られた。削除されたプライベートメッセージの92％（合計2万5000）は、ハラスメントだった。

関連記事：Redditがコミュニティ「r/donaldtrump」を禁止、米議会議事堂での暴力事件を受け

スパムとコンテンツ操作以外では、圧倒的に多かった違反行為がヘイトスピーチだ。ヘイトで永久に禁止されたアカウントの数は、2019年に永久禁止されたアカウントの総数よりも多い。ただしコンテンツの違反はスパムや禁止回避より少ない。

政府からの削除要請は比較的少なかった。Reddit全体では、約5000件のコンテンツやサブレディットに関するリクエストが数百件寄せられた。たとえば753人のサブレディットは、猥褻物取締法によりパキスタンのユーザーにアクセスを制限された。

個人や企業からの削除依頼は数百件にのぼり、著作権侵害対策通知では、2019年の2倍以上となる約50万件（37万5774件）のコンテンツの削除を依頼していた。DMCAへの異議申し立てはほんのひと握りだった。

Redditに寄せられたユーザー情報の件数は611件で、2020年から50%増加しており、このうち424件を同社が承認している。ほとんどが召喚状、裁判所命令、捜索令状だ。Redditはソーシャルネットワークではなく、そのアカウントは本質的に匿名でも使い捨てでもよいため、これが実際にどの程度の情報開示を意味するのかを判断するのは難しい。緊急情報開示要請は約300件で、ほとんどが遵守されていた。これは、Redditのアカウントが関係している生死にかかわる状況と考えられている。

最後にRedditは、0〜249人の秘密データ要求を受け取り、2020年と同じく0〜249人のユーザーをターゲットにしている。残念ながら、米国の外国諜報活動偵察法や国家安全保障書簡の規則では、本当の具体的な数字を挙げることができない。

2020年に描かれたRedditの全体像は、スパムや非認証的な活動に悩まされつつあるコミュニティに加えて、ヘイトやハラスメント、その他の禁止されているコンテンツ（2020年は確かにこの点では例外的な年だったが）に悩まされつつあるコミュニティというものだ。個人を特定できるデータへの基本的なアクセスや利用が少ないRedditは、3文字の認証機関や法執行機関のターゲットにはならない。そして、Redditや他のプラットフォームに代わる「言論の自由」に焦点を当てたサービスが出現していることから、既追放されたヘイトやハラスメントは2021年、またどこか別のところで起きる可能性が高い。

関連記事：GameStop騒動でも話題となった掲示板サイトRedditがシリーズEで約261.5億円を調達

画像クレジット：Omar Marques/SOPA Images/LightRocket/Getty Images

【原文】

Reddit has published its transparency report for 2020, showing various numbers relating to removed content, government requests and other administrative actions. The largest problem by far — in terms of volume, anyway — is spam, which made up nearly all content taken down. Legal requests for content takedown and user information were far fewer, but not trivial, in number.

The full report is quite readable, but a bit long; the main points to understand are summarized below.

Of nearly 3.4 billion pieces of content created on Reddit (which is to say posts, comments, hosted images, etc.), 233 million were removed. These numbers are both up by 20%-30% from 2019. Of those 233 million, 131 million were “proactive” removals by the AutoMod system and 13.6 million were removed after user reports by subreddit moderators.

The remaining 85 million were taken down by Reddit admins; 99.76% of these were spam or “content manipulation” like brigading and astroturfing, with around 50,000 each of harassment, hate and sexualization of minors, smaller amounts of violent speech, doxing and so on.

Image Credits: Reddit

82,858 subreddits were removed, nearly four times more than 2019. The majority of these were for lack of moderation, followed by hate, harassment and ban evasion (e.g., r/bannedsub starts r/bannedsub2).

When it came to removing comments, hate, violence and harassment were much more prevalent. And 92% of private messages removed (of about 25,000 total) were for harassment.

Outside of spam and content manipulation, hate speech resulted in far more bans than any other infraction; more accounts were permanently banned for hate in 2020 than for all causes combined in 2019. (But far fewer for content violations than for spam and ban evasion.)

Government requests to remove content were relatively few. Overall Reddit received a couple hundred requests covering about 5,000 pieces of content or subreddits. For example, 753 subreddits had their access restricted to Pakistani users due to anti-obscenity laws there.

Requests from individuals or companies to remove things numbered in the hundreds, and copyright takedown notices asked for about half a million pieces of content to be removed (375,774 were), more than twice 2019’s. Only a handful of DMCA counter-notices were received.

Law enforcement came to Reddit 611 times for user information, up 50% from last year, and the company granted 424 of those requests. These are mostly subpoenas, court orders and search warrants. Since Reddit isn’t really a social network and accounts can be essentially anonymous or throwaway, it’s hard to say what level of disclosure this actually represents. Emergency disclosure requests numbered about 300 and were mostly complied with — these are supposedly life-or-death situations in which a Reddit account is concerned.

Lastly Reddit received somewhere between 0 and 249 secret requests for data, targeting somewhere between 0 and 249 users, same as last year. Sadly, federal law prohibits them from saying any more than this regarding FISA orders and National Security Letters.

Overall the picture painted of Reddit in 2020 is of a growing community plagued by spam and inauthentic activity, plus a significant and growing contingent of hate, harassment and other prohibited content (though last year was surely an exceptional one for this). Lacking much fundamental access to or use of personally identifiable data, Reddit isn’t much of a target for three-letter agencies and law enforcement. And with “free speech”-focused alternatives to Reddit and other platforms popping up, it’s likely that the hate and harassment that were deplatformed will roost elsewhere in 2021.

（文：Devin Coldewey、翻訳：Hiroshi Iwatani）

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